GRAMMAR - Relative Clauses

Recognize a relative clause when you see one.
A relative clause—also called an adjective or adjectival clause—will meet three requirements:

- First, it will contain a subject and verb.
- Next, it will begin with a relative pronoun [who, whom, whose, that, or which] or a relative adverb [when, where, or why].
- Finally, it will function as an adjective, answering the questions What kind? How many? or Which one?

The relative clause will follow one of these two patterns:

- relative pronoun or adverb + subject + verb
- relative pronoun as subject + verb

Here are some examples:

"Which Francine did not accept."
Which = relative pronoun; Francine = subject; did accept = verb [not, an adverb, is not officially part of the verb].

"Where George found Amazing Spider-Man #96 in fair condition."
Where = relative adverb; George = subject; found = verb.

"That dangled from the one clean bathroom towel."
That = relative pronoun functioning as subject; dangled = verb.

"Who continued to play video games until his eyes were blurry with fatigue."
Who = relative pronoun functioning as subject; played = verb.


Avoid creating a sentence fragment:

A relative clause does not express a complete thought, so it cannot stand alone as a sentence. To avoid writing a fragment, you must connect each relative clause to a main clause. Read the examples below. Notice that the relative clause follows the word that it describes.

"To calm his angry girlfriend, Joey offered an apology which Francine did not accept."
"We tried our luck at the same flea market where George found Amazing Spider-Man #96 in fair condition."
"Michelle screamed when she saw the spider that dangled from the one clean bathroom towel."
"Brian said goodnight to his roommate Justin, who continued to play video games until his eyes were blurry with fatigue."


Punctuate a relative clause correctly:

Punctuating relative clauses can be tricky. For each sentence, you will have to decide if the relative clause is essential or nonessential and then use commas accordingly.

Essential clauses do not require commas. A relative clause is essential when you need the information it provides. Look at this example:

"The children who skateboard in the street are especially noisy in the early evening."

Children is nonspecific. To know which ones we are talking about, we must have the information in the relative clause. Thus, the relative clause is essential and requires no commas.

If, however, we eliminate children and choose more specific nouns instead, the relative clause becomes nonessential and does require commas to separate it from the rest of the sentence. Read this revision:

"Matthew and his sister Loretta, who skateboard in the street, are especially noisy in the early evening."


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